Lactate threshold
lactate_threshold.RdThis is a general function that applies several lactate threshold methods at the same time.
Usage
lactate_threshold(
.data,
intensity_column,
lactate_column,
heart_rate_column,
method = c("Log-log", "OBLA", "Bsln+", "Dmax", "LTP", "LTratio"),
fit = c("3rd degree polynomial", "4th degree polynomial", "B-spline"),
include_baseline = FALSE,
sport = c("cycling", "running", "swimming"),
loglog_restrainer = 1,
plot = TRUE
)Arguments
- .data
The raw data.
- intensity_column
The name of the intensity column.
- lactate_column
The name of the lactate column.
- heart_rate_column
The name of the heart rate column, if applicable.
- method
The lactate threshold method to calculate. It can be one or many of the following:
Log-log,OBLA,Bsln+,Dmax,LTP,LTratio. SeeDetailsfor more information. Default toc("Log-log", "OBLA", "Bsln+", "Dmax", "LTP", "LTratio").- fit
The fit you would like to use for finding the lactate values associated to each one of the lactate thresholds. Please, note that a few lactate thresholds have default methods for this and cannot be changed. Options are
3rd degree polynomial,4th degree polynomial, orB-spline. SeeDetails.- include_baseline
A boolean to indicate whether to include the baseline value in the fit.
- sport
The sport at which the incremental test was performed. One of
cycling,running, orswimming.- loglog_restrainer
A scalar from 0 to 1 indicating the percentage of the data that you would like to restrain for fitting the Log-Log method. For example,
1means no restriction (fits using the whole data), and0.5means that only the first 50% of the data will be used. Default to1.- plot
A boolean to indicate whether to generate a plot from each one of the methods. Default to
TRUE.
Value
a tibble with the following columns:
- method_category
the category of the lactate threshold method.
- method
the method used to estimate the lactate threshold
- fitting
the fitting method used to predict the lactate curve
- intensity
the intensity associated with the estimated lactate threshold
- lactate
the lactate concentration associated with the estimated lactate threshold
- heart_rate
the heart rate associated with the estimated lactate threshold
- plot
the plot produced to display the lactate threshold
Details
Log-log
The lactate response (i.e., log of lactate vs intensity) is divided into two segments. A segmented regression is then performed such that the lactate curve would present one breaking point. The exercise intensity at which the breaking point occurs is then considered as Log-log (Beaver et al., 1985). Caution: this method might require a double-check via a visual inspection, depending in some cases.
OBLA
The Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) is the exercise intensity at fixed lactate of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 mmol/L (Heck et al., 1985, Kindermann et al., 1979; Skinner & Mclellan, 1980). The lactate curve is usually fitted using a 3rd order polynomial regression curve, but the user can define another method (4th degree polynomial or B-spline).
Bsln+
In the baseline plus method (Bsln+), the exercise intensity at which lactate increases to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mmol/L above baseline (resting) values is considered (Berg et al., 1990; Zoladz et al., 1995). The lactate curve is usually fitted using a 3rd order polynomial regression curve, but the user can define another method (4th degree polynomial or B-spline).
Dmax
Dmax
The exercise intensity that yields the maximum perpendicular distance to the straight line between the first and the last data point (Cheng et al., 1992). The lactate curve is fitted using a 3rd order polynomial regression curve, and it can't be changed.
Modified Dmax (ModDmax)
The exercise intensity that yields the maximum perpendicular distance to the straight line between data point preceding the first rise in lactate greater than 0.4 mmol/L and the last data point (Bishop et al., 1998). The lactate curve is fitted using a 3rd order polynomial regression curve, and it can't be changed.
Exponential Dmax (Exp-Dmax)
The exercise intensity on the exponential plus-constant regression lactate curve that yields the maximum perpendicular distance to the straight line between the first and the last data point (Hughson et al., 1987). The lactate curve is fitted using an exponential curve, and it can't be changed.
Log-log modified Dmax (Log-Poly-ModDmax)
The exercise intensity that yields the maximum perpendicular distance to the straight line between Log-log and the last data point in the 3rd order polynomial regression curve (Jamnick et al., 2018). The lactate curve is fitted using a 3rd order polynomial regression curve, and it can't be changed.
Log-log exponential Dmax (Log-Exp-ModDmax)
The exercise intensity that yields the maximum perpendicular distance to the straight line between Log-log and the last data point in the exponential curve (Jamnick et al., 2018). The lactate curve is fitted using an exponential curve, and it can't be changed.
LTP
Lactate Turning Point 1 (LTP1) and Lactate Turning Point 2 (LTP2)
the lactate response is divided into three segments. A segmented regression is performed such that the lactate curve yields two breaking points. The first breaking point, representing the first rise in lactate above resting levels, is considered as LTP1. The second breaking point, representing an accelerated lactate accumulation, is then considered as LTP2 (Hofmann & Tschakert, 2017; Hofmann et al., 1997; Pokan et al., 1997). Caution: this method might require a double-check via a visual inspection, depending in some cases.
LTratio
The lactate response (i.e., ratio of lactate / exercise intensity vs exercise intensity) is interpolated using a B-spline regression curve. LTratio is then defined as the lowest value of the lactate / exercise intensity ratio, which attempts to describe the onset of the lactate increase (Dickhuth et al., 1999).
References
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1985;59(6):1936–40.
Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, Mücke S, Müller R, Hollmann W. Justification of the 4-mmol/l Lactate Threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1985;06(03):117–30.
Kindermann W, Simon G, Keul J. The significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1979;42(1):25–34.
Skinner JS, Mclellan TH. The Transition from Aerobic to Anaerobic Metabolism. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1980;51(1):234–48.
Berg A, Jakob E, Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Huber G, Keul J. Current aspects of modern ergometry. Pneumologie. 1990;44(1):2–13.
Zoladz JA, Rademaker AC, Sargeant AJ. Non-linear relationship between O2 uptake and power output at high intensities of exercise in humans. The Journal of Physiology. 1995;488(1):211–7.
Cheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder A, Keizer H, Jeukendrup A, Hesselink M. A New Approach for the Determination of Ventilatory and Lactate Thresholds. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;13(07):518–22.
Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT. The relationship between plasma lactate parameters, Wpeak and 1-h cycling performance in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(8):1270–5.
Hughson RL, Weisiger KH, Swanson GD. Blood lactate concentration increases as a continuous function in progressive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1987;62(5):1975–81.
Jamnick NA, Botella J, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ. Manipulating graded exercise test variables affects the validity of the lactate threshold and VO2peak. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0199794.
Hofmann P, Tschakert G. Intensity- and Duration-Based Options to Regulate Endurance Training. Front Physiol. 2017;8:337.
Hofmann P, Pokan R, von Duvillard SP, Seibert FJ, Zweiker R, Schmid P. Heart rate performance curve during incremental cycle ergometer exercise in healthy young male subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(6):762–8.
Pokan R, Hofmann P, Von Duvillard SP, et al. Left ventricular function in response to the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(8):1040–7.
Dickhuth H-H, Yin L, Niess A, et al. Ventilatory, Lactate-Derived and Catecholamine Thresholds During Incremental Treadmill Running: Relationship and Reproducibility. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999;20(02):122–7.